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  • Glossary

Glossary

Title Definition
Abuse Use to bad effect or for a bad purpose. Misuse. Treat with cruelty or violence
Abuse (emotional/psychological) A form of abuse, when a person is subjected or exposed to, behaviour that may result in psychological trauma
Accidental Exposure Subjecting to an experience unintentionally
Acquired brain injury (ABI) Brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder
Advocate A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy. This can be an appointed professional, or a selected person of trust
Agreed ways of working Employer defined safe and suitable ways in which an employee is expected to work
Alzheimer’s disease A progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age
Abuse Use to bad effect or for a bad purpose. Misuse. Treat with cruelty or violence
Abuse (emotional/psychological) A form of abuse, when a person is subjected or exposed to, behaviour that may result in psychological trauma
Abuse (Institutional) Maltreatment of a person from a system of power, such as a care facility or home
Accidental Exposure Subjecting to an experience unintentionally
Acquired brain injury (ABI) Brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder
Advocate A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy. This can be an appointed professional, or a selected person of trust
Agreed ways of working Employer defined safe and suitable ways in which an employee is expected to work
Alzheimer’s disease A progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age
Anxiety A worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness
Appraisal Formal assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of someone or something. Appraisal often involves observation or some kind of testing
Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism, the name for a range of similar conditions, including Asperger syndrome, that affect a person’s social interaction, communication, interests and behaviour
Bed rail A safety bar that is attached to the bed to stop people from falling out of bed while asleep. Can also facilitate people raising them out of bed as a handrail. Isn’t a restraint but a guard
Bed rail entrapment When some is trapped in the gaps in the bed rail, often from usual repositioning while asleep. Can be very distressing and uncomfortable, possibly harmful
Best practice A process, method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to any alternatives
Biological Agents A bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can be used purposefully as a weapon as it is harmful
Body language Facial expressions, body posture and position. Eye contact, touch, gestures, facial expression and proximity
Brain Stem Base of the brain that controls the flow of messages between brain and body, and controls basic essential body functions
British Institute for Learning Disabilities (BILD) Institute to support those with learning disabilities and their families
Cancer A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Resulting in disruptive malignant tumours
Carcinogens Anything that helps the formation of cancer
Care Certificate Document that contains 15 standards that all workers, working in either health or social care, need to show they meet; this maps to NOS and Minimum Standards
Care Management System (CMS) Computer software to manage your day-to-day care and staffing needs from care plans, risk assessments and reviews through to absence tracking, training and rotas
Care Plan A summary of the needs and service options identified in the assessment process and is an outline of the plan developed by the client and Case Manager to meet the client’s needs. It can also hold their personal information and preferences
Care Quality Commission (CQC) The independent regulator of all health and social care services in England
Cerebellum Part of the brain that receives information from the sensory systems and regulates movement
Cerebral palsy The name for a group of lifelong conditions that affect movement and co-ordination, caused by a problem with the brain that occurs before, during or soon after birth
Chronic Depression (Dysthymia) Persistent long-term depressive disorder
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) The name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulties
Clean procedure Procedures to reduce the number and transmission of pathogens, e.g. sterilization, cleaning methods, removal of waste
Clinical waste Waste which may prove hazardous to any person coming into contact. Waste which consists wholly or partly of tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretions, drugs, swabs or dressings, syringes, needles
Code of Conduct A set of rules outlining the social norms and religious rules and responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization. Related concepts include ethical, honour, moral codes and religious laws
Communicable Disease An infectious transmissible disease
Communication aids Items or devices that enable communication to be possible or improved
Communication barriers Factors that prevent people from communicating effectively
Communication chart tool Gives support staff information on how the individual communicates with their behaviour as well as with words and provides information on what staff must do to support the person
Competence (In context) All those in caring roles must have the ability to understand an individual’s health and social needs and the expertise, clinical and technical knowledge to deliver effective care and treatments based on research evidence
Complacent Showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one’s achievements
Confidentiality Information that kept within the service on a need-to-know basis. Information is thus restricted to authorised people only. Individuals must grant consent for their personal, private information to be shared
Consent Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations so employers need to either prevent or reduce their workers’ exposure to substances that are hazardous to their health
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Fatal brain disorder. Early symptoms include memory problems, behavioural changes, poor coordination, and visual disturbances. Later dementia, involuntary movements, blindness, weakness, and coma occur. About 90% of people die within a year of diagnosis
Criminal prosecution The proceeding to a proper court on behalf of the public for the purpose of securing the conviction and punishment of someone accused of a crime
Cross contamination The transfer of unwanted substance or material from one area or object to another
Culture The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society
Cumulative injuries An injury which occurs over time. For instance, back injuries progressively forming and getting worse though lifting heavy loads frequently
Daily living aids Tools/equipment to help with everyday tasks and activities such as dressing, eating, cooking, bathing and more
Day Service Arranged opportunities to have fun and socialise with other people, and offer family carers a break
Decontamination Neutralization or removal of dangerous substances, radioactivity, or germs from an area, object, or person
Delirium Acute confused state, is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function
Dementia An umbrella term used to describe a range of progressive neurological disorders, that is, conditions affecting the brain
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Type of dementia that shares symptoms with both Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
Depression A common mental disorder that causes people to experience low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration
Dietitian Qualified health professionals that assess, diagnose and treat dietary and nutritional problems
Discrimination (discrete) Treating someone less favourably because they have a protected characteristic
Discrimination To treat somebody differently because of who they are or what they choose to believe in. It is an action based on a negative attitude towards others which leads to that individual or group of people being disadvantaged or oppressed in some way
Discrimination (associative) Treating someone less favourably because they are associated with someone who has a protected characteristic
Discrimination (Institutional) When institutions such as schools, employers or churches reflect the structure of the society they serve, and discriminate against excluded groups through their rules or practices
Discrimination (Structural) When certain communities and societies have discriminatory views about certain people and other societies. They tend to pass on their discriminatory views down through the generations. They have a certain set of beliefs that they follow and have preconceived ideas
Discrimination by perception Treating someone less favourably because you think they have a protected characteristic
Diversity When many different types of things or people being included in something
Domestic waste Waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day use of a household or home
Domiciliary care When care is provided in the individuals home
Downs Syndrome (DS or DNS) Genetic disorder typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability
Duty of care In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation which is imposed on an individual requiring adherence to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others. Being careful to not commit negligence
Dysphagia Symptom of difficulty in swallowing
Electronic methods (of communication) Digital exchange of information, such as texts and e-mail
Empowerment Authority or power given to someone to do something; process of becoming stronger and confident, especially in gaining controlling in one’s life
Environmental factors In this context, the immediate setting, the place and all the elements of light, noise, smell, physical objects
Epilepsy A neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Episodic Memory Memory of past experiences with times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual information
Equality Treating people alike in accordance with their needs, irrespective of their differences. It includes making sure everyone has equal opportunities
Equality Act 2010 Over 116 separate pieces of legislation in a single, simplified framework. It clearly sets out the ways in which it’s unlawful to treat someone, and promotes a fair and more equal society for everyone
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) Established by the Equality Act 2006, it is an independent body that has a general duty to encourage and support the development of a society
Ethnicity The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
E-tran frames A sheet of stiff, transparent plastic (Perspex) onto which symbols or words can be stuck with Blu-Tack or Velcro
Eugenics Set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population
Exploitation Action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work
Extra care housing Housing designed to provide the varying levels of care and support people may need in later life
Eye gaze system An eye-operated communication and control system that empowers people with disabilities to communicate and interact with the world. By looking at control keys or cells displayed on a screen, a user can generate speech either by typing a message or selecting pre-programmed words or phrases
Faeces Waste matter remaining after food has been digested, discharged from the bowels; excrement
Fibromyalgia Long-term condition that causes pain all over the body
Abuse (financial) Illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s property, money, pension book or other valuables
Fragile X syndrome A genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment
Frontal Lobe Part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviour
Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) Deterioration of the part of the brain that deals with behaviour, problem-solving, planning, the control of emotions and speech
General Practitioner (GP) A medical doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) A disorder in which the sufferer feels in a constant state of high anxiety
Gibbs’ reflective cycle A popular tool used for reflection. There are 6 stages of the cycle in total: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan
Good communicator A strong combination of verbal and non- verbal skills in order to meet communication and language needs, wishes and preferences. Isn’t about the ability to talk a lot
Harassment Behaving in a way the recipient finds offensive
Hazard A risk factor. A potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons
Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the UK
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in the UK
Healthcare Assistant (HCA) A nurses assistant that looks after the comfort of the individuals, while handling maintenance individual’s rooms, keeping an eye on conditions and interacting with the individuals
Hepatitis B An infection of the liver caused by a virus that’s spread through blood and body fluids
HIV A virus that damages the cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight everyday infections and disease
Hoist Equipment to raise someone by means of ropes and pulleys
Holistic Characterized by the treatment of the whole person, taking into account mental and social factors, rather than just the symptoms of a disease
Human Rights Act Act gives people who live in the UK a range of basic human rights
Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease is a genetic condition that damages nerve cells in the brain. Damage gets progressively worse over time and can affect movement, cognition and behaviour
Hyperthermia A condition in which the body’s temperature is higher than normal
Hypodermic needle A category of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps, is a very thin, hollow tube with a sharp tip that contains a small opening at the pointed end
Hypothermia A condition where the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature
Inclusion A person being included within a group or society, and encouraging a sense of belonging so that everyone feels valued
Incontinence pad A small, impermeable multi-layered sheet with high absorbency that is affixed to one’s underpants to absorb any urination that may occur from the weakening of the pelvic or urethral muscles
Independence Being free from outside control; not subject to another’s authority. Not dependant on another person to live your life
Indirect discrimination Applying a rule to everyone that affects people with protected characteristics more than others
Individual (In the health and social care context) a person undergoing care or treatment
Infection / Infectious Contagious, can be spread from one person/place to another via physical contact, exchange of fluids, or airborne
Infection control chain Six different links: pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and the new host. This chain spreads infection, to prevent infection you have to break one or more of the links
Information Governance risk assessments Analysis of potential harm that can occur if information is mishandled
Informed Choice When an individual is aware of the factors and risks that are involved to perform or complete an activity when they decide to do it or not. They must be capable of retaining the information long enough and be able to process the significance of the factors and risks
Informed consent When permission is given by an individual to have something performed on them or done to them. When permission is given they must be aware of factors and risks and be capable of retaining and processing this information
Interpersonal communication Communication between two people
Interpreter Someone who is trained to take one form of communication and convert it and relay it’s information in an alternative form of communication. This is commonly translating one language to another verbally, however it can be other forms of communication too
Key worker An employee who provides a vital service for the individual
Korsakoff’s Syndrome A chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine, most commonly caused by alcohol misuse
Learning disabilities Inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills
Learning disability nurse A specialist healthcare professional who supports people with learning disabilities, as well as their families and staff teams, to help them to achieve a fulfilling life
Legislation Laws, enforced rules set by government. It is legal to break laws or oppose legislation with your actions
Lewy body dementia Dementia with progressive decline in mental abilities. May experience visual hallucinations, and changes in alertness and attention. Possibly Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms such as rigid muscles, slow movement and tremors
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) Regulations that place duties on people and companies who own, operate or have control over lifting equipment
Manual handling techniques Recommended processes for activities such as lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying
Medication Administration Record Sheet (MARS) A record all medication that is administered to individuals/patients/clients
Medication training Administration, prescribing, managing and handling of medicines
Mental capacity The ability to make your own decisions. Lacking capacity means you cannot do one or more of the following: Understand information, retain that information long enough, weigh up the information available to make the decision and/or communicate their decision
Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 Legislation designed to protect and restore power to those vulnerable people who lack capacity
Mental illness behavioural or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitting, or occur as a single episode
Micro-organism Microscopic (exceedingly small) organism (living being), which may exist in its single-celled form, or in a colony of cells
Micro-organisms (resident) Micro-organisms which reside on the skin. Most are found on the upper layers of the skin. They are not transient, transferred from somewhere/someone else
Micro-organisms (transient) Micro-organisms which are transferred from elsewhere onto the skin. They are not resident to the host
Motor Neurone Disease (MND) A group of diseases that affect the nerves (motor neurones) in the brain and spinal cord that tell your muscles what to do
Multilingual The application of many languages
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) An illness that effects the nerves controlling muscle control, symptoms greatly vary. The condition is incurable
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) Injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system (i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc.)
Mutagens A physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level
National Minimum Standards of Care Core requirements, which are applicable to all establishments providing accommodation together with personal or nursing care
National Occupational Standards (NOS) UK standards of performance that people are expected to achieve in their work, and the knowledge and skills they need to perform effectively
Nationality Status of belonging to a particular nation
Neglect Absence or lack of care or consideration
Neurosyphilis Damaging infection of the brain or spinal cord
Non-verbal communication Not using words or speech to communicate. Such as using: body language, writing, Makaton (base sign language), picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), Braille, Talking Mats
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) Build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that causes the ventricles (cavities) in the brain to become enlarged
Occipital Lobe Brain’s visual processing centre
Omissions Exclusion of something or someone
Open-minded Taking a non-judgemental and friendly approach, whatever the differences
Orthopaedic Something concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system
Palliative care Care and treatment given to someone to increase their comfort as an alternative option to continuing treatment for pursuit of curing ailment
Parkinson’s disease Loss of nerve cells in the brain, which lowers dopamine, causing issues with regulating movement in the body. Often manifests as a tremor
Pathogen Anything that can produce disease
Perfect week tool Activity to helps people to think about what they would like their life to look like, and can form the basis of an effective person-centred care and support plan
Personal Development Plan (PDP) Record reflecting on your own learning, performance and achievements; planning your all-round personal, educational and career development; recording your achievements
Personal protective Equipment (PPE) Equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
Person-centred care Approach to care where the individual is an equal partner in planning, developing and monitoring care to make sure it meets their needs
Phenylketonuria (PKU) A genetic digestive disorder due to poor production of a certain enzyme which means they have to lower their intake of food with phenylalanine protein. The main treatment for PKU is a low-protein diet that completely avoids high-protein foods (such as meat, eggs and dairy products)
Physical Abuse Damage inflicted upon someone’s body by another
Pneumonia A condition, with swelling (inflammation) of the tissue in one or both lungs. It’s usually caused by a bacterial infection
Positive risk taking When an individual is fulling informed on the risks, however still wishes to proceed with a potentially dangerous activity with their own choice of pre-cautions. This decision is not blocked, but facilitated to support the choice and recorded in their Care Plan
Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) Reliving a traumatic event through nightmares, flashbacks, or constantly thinking about it
Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) Gradual and progressive degeneration of the outer layer of the brain, symptoms of PCA can vary from one person to the next
Prejudice Giving a judgement towards a person or group of people which is not based on accurate information and is usually negative
Procedural memory Long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) When brain cells in certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau
Protected characteristic Age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy and maternity
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) 1992 The regulations deal with the work equipment and machinery used every day in workplaces and aims to keep people safe wherever equipment and machinery is used at work
Rapport Harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate well
Reflective practice A way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) The law that requires employers, and other people in charge of work premises, to report and keep records of: work-related accidents which cause deaths
Restraint in social care A last resort action of physically forcing the individual to an area, position or restricting their movement
Rights Legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory
Risk assessment The determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat
Safe practice Controls measures to be applied to ensure the task/activity is conducted in a way to reduce the risk of injury
Safeguarding The action that is taken to promote the welfare of individuals and protect them from harm
Safeguarding To protect from emotional, psychological or physical harm via an appropriate measure
Self Advocacy Civil rights movement for people with developmental disabilities, also called cognitive or intellectual disabilities, and other disabilities
Self-care Techniques and general lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms of many mental health problems. They may also help prevent some problems from developing or getting worse
Self-neglect Failure of to take care of oneself that causes, or is reasonably likely to cause within a short period of time, serious physical, mental or emotional harm or substantial damage to or loss of assets
Semantic memory Long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
Sensory deprivation or disability Impairment of any of the 5 senses and conditions affecting verbal and non-verbal communication (e.g. cerebral palsy, autism)
Sexual Abuse Molestation, is usually undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault
Sharps See Hypodermic needle
Shift working Employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of the clock each day of the week
Sign language A form of communication that is expressed with your body, primarily your hands, following a pre-set dictionary and alphabet to form and convey standardised communication. Primarily used by the deaf and mute
SMART approach A checklist to ensure something is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound
Social inclusion Acceptance of an individual into social activities and/or interactions
Sorting important to/for tool Exercise to create two lists to outline the individuals desires and needs, and ensure that their desires and preferences are adhered to
Speech and Language Therapist (SLT) Treat people who have various levels of speech, language and communication problems, including people with physical and learning disabilities, hearing loss/deafness, psychiatric disorders or dementia, cleft palate, stammering, language delay and voice disorders
Spillage kit Equipment to facilitate the control of spills, leaks and floods in emergency situations
Spinal Cord A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells down the centre of your back that is the main gateway for messages for the body to send and receive information to the brain
Spouse A life partner in a marriage, civil union, domestic partnership or common-law marriage
Stand aid Tool/equipment designed to provide support and assistance to those having difficulty getting up into a standing position
Statutory Advocacy When you are legally entitled to an advocate. (see Advocate)
Stigmatised terms Words that are described or regarded as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval. E.g. Racial slurs
Suture needle Eyed or reusable needles are needles with holes called eyes which are supplied separate from their suture thread. The suture must be threaded on site, as is done when sewing at home
SWOB assessment Analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and barriers present or to come
Symptom A physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient
Talking Mat Mats to which pictures can be attached and re-arranged as required. The mat shown below was created by someone who was thinking about activities that were important to them
Temporal Lobe Part of the brain that deals with processing sensory input
Text to Speech (TTS) An electronic narrator of words. This can be used for people to express themselves or for people to hear text as an alternative to reading
Tolerance Allowing the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one dislikes or disagrees with) without interference
Topical medication Medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical administration means application to body surfaces such as the skin
Trauma Physical, emotional or psychological heavy impacting stimulus or cause of harm, distress or discomfort
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), An infection that causes discomfort in the genitals and during urination
Vascular dementia (VaD) significant change in cognition and behaviour from damage to the brain due to problems with the blood flow
Verbal communication Words, tone, volume, speed and register
Victimisation Treating someone badly because they’ve made a complaint or helped to support one
Wellbeing A person’s state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy
What’s working/not working tool Outline with the individual and their family to outline the processes, practices and behaviours which are positive or negative. Once the lists are made solutions and appropriate actions are discussed
Working memory Current cognition, short-term memory, the thoughts being currently combined, processed and considered
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